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[8]當然也有一些反對意見。比如人們擔心這種審查與責任內閣制(executive government)的理念并不太相容、或者擔心其成本過高等等。See Curtis L,“Crossing the Frontier between Law and Administration”,Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration(1989):55.關于澳大利亞責任內閣制的具體內涵參見 http:/ /australianpolitics.com/executive/cabinet - ministry/,on April 11,2012.
[9]Final Report of the Committee on Administrative Discretions,Parliamentary Paper No 316 of 1973(CGPS,1973).
[10]Lane and Young,Administrative Law in Australia,238.
[11]Douglas,Douglas and Jones’s Administrative Law(6th ed.),(Federation Press,2009),238ff.
[12]Chaaya Michae,l“Proposed Changes to the Review of Migration Decisions:Sensible Reform Agenda or Political Expediency?”,Sydney Law Review 19 (1997):547 - 548.
[13]See Kirby Michae,l“Have We Achieved RN Spann’s Vision of Administrative Law?”Australian Journal of Public Administration 56,(1997):5;Brennan,“The Parliament,the Executive and the Courts:Roles and Immunities”,Bond Law Review 9(1997):145.
[14]See Streets Sue,Cremean Damien,“Reforming Aspects of the‘New’Administrative Law System:Super Tribunals for Victoria and the Commonwealth”,Australian Business Law Review 26,(1998):308.
[15]Robin Creyke,“The Criteria and Standards for Merit Review by Administrative Tribunals”,National Law Review1,no.9(1998),5.
[16]這些質疑和批評集中體現在 1995 年聯邦行政審查委員會(ARC)關于聯邦上訴裁判所的報告和 2000 年澳大利亞法律改革委員會(Australian Law Reform Commission,ALRC)關于聯邦民事審判制度的報告中。The Federal Administrative Review Council,Better Deci-sions Review of Commonwealth Merits Review,Tribunal Report No 39(1995);Australian Law Reform Commission,Managing Justice:A Re-view of the Federal Civil Justice System,Report No.89(2000).這兩個報告尤其主張加強調查程序、加強程序的非正式性、加強裁判所和行政機關之間的合作。需要說明的是,澳大利亞法律改革委員會(The Australian Law Reform Commission)是依據《澳大利亞法律改革委員會法》(Australian Law Reform Commission Act 1996(Cth.))年成立的。該委員會隸屬于聯邦司法部,主要從事與澳大利亞聯邦法律改革有關的調查研究活動,并依據自身的獨立調查和研究向聯邦議會和政府提供法律改革建議案。法律改革委員會的建議案并不具有法律強制力,但議會和政府通常會認真考慮。截止 2010 年,法律改革委員會的建議案有 85% 得到議會和政府部分或者實質性的采納。相關詳細信息可以參見該委員會官方網站 http:/ /www.alrc.gov.au/about。
[17]AAT Act(Cth),s.2A,3(1),8,Pt iii,25(4A),33(1AA),44.
[18]關于這些州級裁判所的的詳細介紹可以參見 Lane and Young,Administrative Law in Australia,241 -246.
[19]AAT Act(Cth),ss.6 - 8.
[20]AAT,Annual Report 2010 - 2011,9.
[21]Ibid.,96[note].
[22]Douglas,Douglas and Jones’s Administrative Law,248.Zeitz Susan,“Security of Tenure and Judicial Independence”,Journal of Judicial Administration 7(1998):161.
[23]Harsel Justin,“Tribunals in the System of Justice:the Need for Independence”,Australian Journal of Administrative Law 4(1997):206ff.
[24]AAT,Annual Report 2010 - 2011,9.
[25]《聯邦行政上訴裁判所法案》s.25(4)規定,聯邦行政上訴裁判所有權依照各種法令中關于行政決定的規定來審查這些決定。不過其同時規定,當一項法令授權聯邦行政上訴裁判所對某類行政決定審查權時,其應當規定裁判所行使該項權力的程序(也可以規定參照其他已經生效的法令的程序)。另外,法令還應當明確列舉其所規定的條款和程序適用于哪些行政機關的哪些決定,而不能籠統地規定其適用于某一主體的所有決定,或者適用于某一抽象的決定類型。
[26]Ibid.,12.
[27]AAT Act(Cth),s.19;Administrative Appeals Tribunal Regulations 1976(Cth),reg 4A;AAT Report 2010 - 2011,8.
[28]立法和公共事務常務委員會(The Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committees,簡稱“Senate Standing Committees”)是澳大利亞參議院常設委員會之一。該委員會于 2004 年成立,主要負責審查立法草案、政府的預算以及年度報告等。See Christine McDonald,Profile of Committees of the Australia Parliament Undertaking Budget Review,2009,1;Administrative Review Council,What decisions should be subject to merit review?參見 ARC 官方網站,http:/ / www.ema.gov.au / agd / WWW / archome.nsf / Page / Publications_ Reports_Downloads_What_decisions_should_be_subject_to_merit_review,on April 14,2012.
[29]See Kuswardana v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs(1981)35 ALR 186 esp,194 ff;Re Bowen v Repatriation Commission (1993)32 ALF 700,709ff.
[30]AAT Act(Cth),s.29(2),(7).
[31]See Re Control Investment Pty.Ltd v Australia Broadcasting Tribunal (No.1)(1981)3ALD 74;cf Alphapharm Pty Ltd v Smithkline Beecham(Australia)Pty Ltd(1994)32 ALD 71;Brisbane Airport Corp Ltd v Wright(2002)77 ALD 411;Confidential v Commissioner of Taxation(2012)AATA 178.
[32]AAT Act(Cth),s.31.
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